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The City of Oakland, California, adopted a Zero Waste Strategic Plan in 2006, detailing a road map for the City to follow toward the implementation of a Zero Waste System by 2020. As stated in a City Resolution, introduced by then Mayor Jerry Brown, Zero Waste principles: :"() romote the highest and best use of materials to eliminate waste and pollution, emphasizing a closed-loop system of production and consumption, moving in logical increments toward the goal of zero waste through the core principles of": :# Improving reuse/recycling of end-of-life products and materials to ensure their highest and best use; :# Pursuing design strategies to minimize product hazards and lifestyles that limit consumption; and :# Using waste disposal operations to improve the economy and develop the workforce.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Resolution 79774, Adopting a zero waste goal by 2020 )〕 Zero Waste systems can be traced back to chemist Paul Palmer who developed and coined the concept in the 1970s (in Oakland, CA) in order to find a way to reuse the vast amount of chemicals produced by the electronics industry. Today, cities like Oakland are adopting Zero Waste Systems to create a process that redirects all end-of-life products toward future applications in the marketplace, rather than to a landfill.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What is Waste? )〕 ==Oakland's Zero Waste Strategic Plan== The city of Oakland’s Zero Waste Strategic Plan set out in 2006 to reduce the annual tons of waste directed toward landfills from 400,000 tons to 40,000 annually by 2020. Chiefly, the city aimed to create comprehensive systems that transfer end-of-life products back into the economy. The City’s Strategic Plan is based on five strategies that include recycling but also product and system design changes and policy revisions, as follows: # Expand and Improve Local and Regional Recycling and Composting # * Greater engagement with the general public and particularly the business community is necessary, requiring the development of additional recovery services and initiatives, for example, to support businesses that utilize the Port of Oakland and produce construction and demolition materials. # Develop and Adopt New Rules and Incentives to Reduce Waste Disposal # * Create stronger incentives to “reward reuse, repair, and reduced consumption” to replace the present incentive to use landfills. # Preserve Land for Sustainable Development and Green Industry Infrastructure # * Expand industrial land for businesses that manufacture and make use of materials traditionally discarded. Create partnerships with StopWaste.Org, and East Bay Economic Alliance toward the development of policies that attract such businesses. # Advocate for Manufacturer Responsibility for Product Waste, Ban Problem Materials # * Adopt California’s Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) created to require businesses to assume the responsibility for any environmental impacts resulting from their products (throughout the product’s life cycle). # Educate, Promote and Advocate a Zero Waste Sustainability Agenda # * Since only 15% of Oakland homes compost, and 67% of waste continues to be produced by industries, stronger, though positive, messaging about Zero Waste and sustainability should be circulated and tailored for different audiences, situations and locations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Zero waste strategic plan ) pp. 11-18.〕 Abiding by the system advocated by Zero Waste International Alliance, Oakland’s Zero Waste System follows “natural cycles, where all outputs are simply an input for another process.” Moreover, Zero Waste systems place the “highest priority on conserving resources and retaining their form and function without burning, burying, or otherwise destroying their form and function. “ This calls for “eliminating discharges to land, water or air that harm natural systems,” as well as, “preventing rather than managing, waste and pollution, and recommitting to the priority ordering of the waste reduction hierarchy: first reduce consumption; next, reuse what is left; and finally, recycle anything that is no longer usable and landfill any residual.”〔 p. 3〕 Oakland’s Zero Waste System also examines each management of goods in accordance with specific criteria, such as: * “Customer Benefits,” such as opportunities for residents and businesses to reduce greenhouse gases and access to recycling services. * “Economic Development,” such as the creation of jobs and the development of a range of employment opportunities within organizations that process, manufacture or sell “discards-based” businesses. * “Financial,” such as cost to city and ratepayers, as well as pricing that incentivizes waste reduction and promotes recycling. * “Innovation,” such as methods that allow for system upgrades and evolution over time. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The City of Oakland, California, adopted a Zero Waste Strategic Plan in 2006, detailing a road map for the City to follow toward the implementation of a Zero Waste System by 2020. As stated in a City Resolution, introduced by then Mayor Jerry Brown, Zero Waste principles::"() romote the highest and best use of materials to eliminate waste and pollution, emphasizing a closed-loop system of production and consumption, moving in logical increments toward the goal of zero waste through the core principles of"::」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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